Information about Mauritania

Geography and history Regions and resorts Nature Climate Transport Money and shopping Attractions Tourism Accommodation Kitchen Culture Weather Map

Geography and history Mauritania

Mauritania sits in the northwestern part of Africa, sharing its borders with the Western Sahara, Algeria, Mali, and Senegal. Most of the country is covered by the vast Sahara desert, which means that much of the land isn't exactly hospitable for everyday living. The landscape is a mix of endless sand dunes and flat, rocky plains that stretch as far as the eye can see.

In this part of the world, the desert seems to go on forever, occasionally interrupted by a lush oasis with green plants. Sandstorms are a very common occurrence in Mauritania, often blowing through and covering everything in a layer of dust. These storms can be quite intense and are just a regular part of life for those living near the desert.

The only permanent river in the entire region flows along the southern border of the country. It shares its name with the neighboring state of Senegal, providing a vital source of water for the people there. On the other side of the country, the western coast is lined by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, offering a completely different scenery.

Some historical records suggest that Phoenician sailors gave this region its name back in the third millennium BC. In their ancient language, the word Mauharium essentially meant the western edge or the land of the setting sun. This reflects how distant and remote the territory seemed to the Mediterranean civilizations of that era.

Other historical accounts mention that in ancient times, Mauritania was the name used for a powerful Berber Kingdom. The name itself came from the Mauri people who lived there and were a major part of that sovereign state. They began settling in the northwestern part of the African continent around the start of the third century.

Later on, the region became a Roman province but kept its original name through the transition. Even when Arab forces arrived five centuries later and took control, the name stuck. The Arabs brought with them their own religion, culture, and language, which have deeply shaped the identity of the country today.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the territory fell under French rule and became part of French West Africa. It stayed a colony for several decades until it finally gained its independence in 1960. Even after becoming a sovereign nation, the country kept the same name it had carried for centuries.

Since gaining independence, the nation has gone through a lot of political changes and several military coups. There was a period of military dictatorship that lasted for quite some time, with the most recent power grab happening in 2008. Fortunately, the 2009 elections marked a turning point where power was finally transferred through a peaceful democratic process.

Slavery was officially abolished in the country in 1980, but the practice has been very difficult to wipe out completely. Society still functions on a bit of a caste system, which creates a clear social divide. The lighter-skinned Mauritanians often hold the most influence and power, while others occupy different rungs on the social ladder.

Regions and resorts Mauritania

Nature Mauritania

Because the Sahara desert takes up almost the entire country, you won't find much greenery across most of Mauritania. Most of the plants and animals are clustered in the small, green oases that dot the landscape. These spots of life are mainly found in the south, near the banks of the Senegal River where water is more accessible.

In these southern areas, you can find various types of shrubs, acacia trees, and palms growing in the wild. The riverbanks are also lined with salt lakes and salt marshes, though these areas aren't very good for growing crops. Despite the harsh conditions, these environments support a surprising amount of life, including many specialized desert species.

The local wildlife includes a variety of rodents, reptiles, and mountain goats that have adapted to the heat. You might also spot smaller predators like jackals, foxes, and the tiny fennec fox with its oversized ears. These animals are experts at surviving in a place where water is scarce and the sun is relentless.

Snakes, spiders, and scarab beetles are also very common throughout the Mauritanian countryside. In some of the more remote areas, you might even come across a few wild ostriches roaming the plains. Most of the livestock you see will be goats, as they are tough enough to handle the local climate.

If you are a bird lover, Mauritania is actually a fantastic place to visit because of its diverse migratory species. You can see pink flamingos, pelicans, and various types of terns if you head to the coastal regions. To see the best of this, you really need to visit one of the two national parks in the country.

The two main parks are Banc d'Arguin and Diawling, which together make up about two percent of the nation's land. These parks were established to protect the delicate balance between the desert sands and the Atlantic Ocean. They serve as vital wintering grounds for massive flocks of birds that fly in from all over.

The parks are strictly protected to ensure that the wildlife remains undisturbed by human activity. Beyond the birds, these coastal areas are home to antelopes, honey badgers, and even rare desert cats. In the waters nearby, you can find sea turtles and the very rare Mediterranean monk seal.

Out in the ocean, it is not uncommon to see dolphins and whales playing in the waves near the shore. For those who want to see the underwater world without getting wet, there is an aquarium museum in the country. It showcases the colorful and diverse marine life that lives just off the Mauritanian coast.

Sadly, the number of animals in the region is slowly decreasing due to illegal hunting and the changing environment. Many species are currently facing the threat of extinction as the desert continues to expand. The small pockets of green land are losing the battle against the encroaching sand, making survival harder for everyone.

Climate Mauritania

Mauritania is a tropical country where the weather is defined by three very distinct climate zones. In the southern part of the nation, the Sahelian climate is the most dominant feature. This area actually experiences a rainy season that usually kicks in around July and lasts until October.

Even during this rainy season, the downpours don't usually last very long at all. Sometimes, what looks like a massive storm only results in a few drops of water hitting the dry ground. It is a very arid environment where every bit of moisture is precious for the people and the land.

The coastal region along the Atlantic has its own dry climate that is slightly more tempered by the ocean. In January, the average temperature stays around twenty-six degrees, which is quite pleasant. By October, things heat up a bit more, and the average temperature climbs to about thirty-two degrees.

The vast majority of the country's interior experiences a true Saharan climate. For about half the year, the heat is intense, with daytime temperatures often hitting forty or even fifty degrees. However, the nights can get surprisingly chilly, with temperatures sometimes dropping all the way down to seven degrees.

Rain is a very rare sight in most of Mauritania, especially in the northern parts of the republic. Even in the biggest cities like Nouakchott or Nouadhibou, you might only see a couple of rainy days in an entire year. Most of the time, the sun is shining brightly without a single cloud in the sky.

From February through June, the country is often at the mercy of powerful and dusty sandstorms. Because of this, the period from late winter to early summer isn't the best time for travelers to visit. The locals call the hot, dry wind that carries all this sand and dust the Harmattan.

If you are planning a trip to see the historical sites, the best window is from late November through January. During these months, the weather is warm but the sun isn't quite as punishing as it is in the summer. Temperatures usually hover between twenty and thirty degrees, making it perfect for exploring the desert.

Late autumn and early winter also offer the best visibility, as the sandstorms haven't started up yet. This allows you to really appreciate the massive scale and the shifting colors of the Sahara desert. It is the time of year when the desert feels most majestic and welcoming to outsiders.

If you are more interested in hanging out by the ocean, the summer months from June to September are ideal. The water temperature during this time is usually around twenty-five degrees, which is perfect for swimming. The cool breezes coming off the Atlantic help take the edge off the heat found further inland.

Transport in Mauritania

The public transportation system in Mauritania is still in its early stages of development. There are really only two major roads in the whole country that are fully paved with asphalt for a smooth ride. Most of the other routes you might take are just dirt roads that can be quite bumpy.

To get between the main cities, most people rely on shared taxis that can hold about seven passengers at a time. If you prefer to drive yourself, you can find car rental options in the capital city of Nouakchott. This is where the international and local rental companies have their main offices and vehicle fleets.

In the southern part of the country, the Senegal River serves as a path for various boats and transport vessels. There are several ports located in the riverside towns that help move goods and people through the region. It is a slower but very traditional way of getting around the southern border area.

When it comes to flying, the country actually has more than twenty airports scattered across its territory. However, only three of them are set up to handle regular commercial flights on a consistent basis. These are located in the capital, the port city of Nouadhibou, and the historic town of Atar.

A few years ago, a brand-new international airport was opened in the capital to replace the aging facility. This modern airport was designed to help the country connect better with the rest of the world. It marks a significant step forward in the nation's efforts to modernize its infrastructure.

One of the most famous ways to travel in Mauritania is by using the national railway line. This track connects the coastal port of Nouadhibou with the iron mining town of Zouerat in the interior. The line stretches for about six hundred and fifty kilometers right through the heart of the Sahara.

The train that runs on this track is world-famous for being one of the longest in existence. It often reaches a total length of over two kilometers, consisting of about two hundred individual cars. Most of these cars are filled with iron ore, but they also carry livestock like goats and camels.

For people who want to travel this way, a few passenger carriages are usually attached to the very end of the train. A seat in one of these cars will cost you about six euros for the long journey. However, many locals choose to ride for free by simply climbing on top of the iron ore in the freight cars.

There isn't really a fixed schedule for when the train departs, so you have to rely on word of mouth. Locals usually show up at the station very early just to make sure they don't miss it when it finally arrives. The trip can take anywhere from twelve to twenty hours depending on the conditions.

Many international travelers decide to get off at a small stop called Choum instead of going all the way. This saves them time and allows them to avoid traveling too deep into the remote desert areas. From Choum, there is a road that leads directly to the city of Atar and eventually back to the capital.

This railway is essentially the lifeblood of the country's economy and is a source of great national pride. People value the train so much that its image is even featured on the five-thousand ouguiya banknote. It remains a symbol of the country's resilience and its connection to the vast desert landscape.

Money and shopping in Mauritania

The local currency used throughout the Islamic Republic of Mauritania is known as the ouguiya. Each ouguiya is further divided into five smaller units called khoums, though you don't see those as often. You will find banknotes ranging from fifty all the way up to five thousand ouguiya in daily use.

When you need to get local cash, it is always best to use the exchange offices at the airport or official banks. Dealing with people on the black market is generally a bad idea because the risk of getting scammed is quite high. Also, keep in mind that credit cards are only really accepted at the larger hotels in the capital.

If you are looking for souvenirs to take home, Mauritania has some truly unique items to offer. You can find beautiful handmade tapestries, woven fabrics, and intricate wooden carvings in most markets. Jewelry made from silver and coral is also very popular among visitors who want something special.

The best places to go shopping for these items are the capital city and the historic town of Atar. There are specialized shops where you can browse through ceramic dishes and beaded necklaces at your own pace. It is perfectly normal and even expected to haggle over the price with the shopkeepers.

Usually, the first price a seller gives you is about two or three times higher than what they expect to get. If you enjoy the process of bargaining, you can walk away with some great deals on high-quality crafts. It is all part of the local shopping culture and is done with a friendly spirit.

The town of Atar is particularly famous for its beautiful tapestries, which are all made by hand. Local artisans spend a lot of time embroidering traditional patterns and scenes from desert life onto these rugs. These pieces make for a very meaningful gift for friends or family back home.

Jewelers in the country are also very skilled at working with precious metals and natural materials. You can find stunning bracelets and earrings made from a mix of silver, gold, and vibrant coral. Some of the most interesting pieces are carved from ebony, which is a very dark and heavy wood.

Because ebony is so hard and durable, it is highly prized by local craftsmen for making high-end items. You might also find traditional knives that are decorated with ornate copper and brass fittings. These blades often come with silver-plated handles and are a great example of local metalwork.

Items made from clay and wood are also a big part of the local craft scene in the desert. You will see wooden chests decorated with iron and silver plates, as well as beautifully carved bowls. Even simple clay is turned into toys and household items that reflect the daily life of the people.

In many homes, you will find containers made from dried gourds, such as pumpkins or squashes. These vessels are known as calabashes and are used for carrying water or storing food. They are often decorated with simple but elegant designs, making them a very authentic piece of Mauritanian culture to bring home.

Main attractions Mauritania

When you first arrive in this region, you are immediately struck by a powerful medieval vibe and a sense of history that seems to permeate every corner. One of the most remarkable spots is the ancient town of Wadan, which stands out as one of the greenest places you will find in all of Mauritania. Right there in the middle of the unforgiving desert, you come across a lush oasis filled with beautiful gardens and grand mosques that tell stories of a different era.

Another incredible sanctuary hidden among the dunes of the Sahara is Tergit. It is a place where you can find deep shade under palm trees and finally catch your breath after a long and tiring journey under the sun. Back in the day, this was a vital stopping point for camel caravans that traversed the vast sands. The city of Adrar is also famous for its massive sand dunes and rolling palm groves, where archaeological remains still hint at the ancient civilizations that once called this place home.

For those who want to dive deeper into the past, the National Museum of Mauritania holds an impressive collection of ancient artifacts. These objects are like silent witnesses to a bygone age, offering travelers a real look into the daily lives and rich culture of the local people. Then there is the old city of Chinguetti, which is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site and home to the stunning Great Mosque. While the mosque is reserved for Muslims, the city itself is widely considered the seventh holiest city in Islam.

Since the 13th century, Chinguetti has served as a major religious hub, and it remains popular today because people there have managed to keep their traditional way of life almost entirely intact. Nature lovers should head to the Banc d’Arguin National Park, where you can spot almost every bird imaginable, from bright flamingos to delicate sandpipers. The park is also home to honey badgers, desert cats, and antelopes, while the waters nearby host rare monk seals and dolphins. Because it is a protected area, cars are not allowed, so you get to explore the coast on traditional sailing boats.

Another fascinating spot is the Diawling National Park, which draws visitors with its unique desert plants and animals. Birds from all over Europe fly here to spend the winter, and their habitat is strictly guarded to ensure they aren't disturbed. Then there is the Eye of the Sahara, a geological marvel consisting of massive concentric rings about fifty kilometers wide. Scientists are still debating how it got there, with some suggesting a volcanic eruption and others believing a meteorite hit the earth. It is so huge and distinct that astronauts actually use it as a landmark during their orbital flights.

History buffs should definitely check out the ongoing archaeological work near the city of Koumbi Saleh, which used to be the capital of the legendary Ghana Empire. Excavations have been happening since the middle of the last century, and so far, experts have uncovered about a third of the ancient structures, including walls and even an old water system. You can also visit the ghost town of Tichit in the Sahara, where most of the residents are nomadic, meaning the town feels empty for much of the year.

If you are traveling between Nouadhibou and Zouerat, you cannot miss Ben Amera, a massive granite monolith that rises over 600 meters into the sky. In Nouadhibou itself, you can still see the haunting remains of old shipwrecks along the coast, a city where fishing is the main heartbeat of daily life. Near the capital, the lively port town of Port de Pêche is a must-see, especially during the day when the air is filled with the shouting of fishermen and the sound of boats. Finally, the Great Mosque in the southwest of the capital dominates the skyline with its impressive minarets, while Mount Kediet Idjil stands tall with its unique bluish hue caused by the high iron ore content in the rock.

Tourism in Mauritania

Traveling to this part of Africa is a real treat for anyone looking for something exotic and completely different from the usual tourist destinations. If you have a taste for adventure, nothing beats a trip through the rolling sand dunes of the Sahara. The sheer scale of the Mauritanian desert is enough to take your breath away, with nothing but endless sand stretching as far as the eye can see. Being hundreds of kilometers away from modern civilization under the hot sun makes you truly appreciate the power of nature.

You can still see traditional camel caravans making their way across the landscape, just as they have for centuries. Until quite recently, this rugged terrain was part of the famous Dakar Rally route, and it is easy to see why the path was considered so challenging. The landscape keeps changing as you go, moving from brown rocky plains to dried-up riverbeds and dunes that shift colors from bright yellow to deep orange. It is a visually stunning experience that stays with you long after you leave.

A trip through the country is also a great way to see how the local people have kept their unique identity alive. In many places, it feels like time has simply stopped, with people still practicing traditional handicrafts and fishing the same way their ancestors did. If you love old buildings, the ancient monument cities are a gold mine, showing off the architectural brilliance of civilizations that flourished here a long time ago.

Along the way, you might encounter the mysterious Eye of the Sahara, a place shrouded in local myths and scientific wonder. To make things a bit easier for travelers visiting this remote spot, a small hotel has even opened up in the nearby town of Rishat. One piece of advice that every traveler should follow is to pick up a traditional nomad scarf, known locally as a turban or rza. It is not just for fashion, as it does an incredible job of protecting your face from the harsh sun and the stinging desert sand.

When the heat gets to be too much, you can find relief in the cool Mauritanian oases or along the Atlantic coast. There is a beautiful contrast between the dry desert and the coastal zone, which is home to two major national parks protected by UNESCO. These areas are teeming with wildlife and birds that thrive in an environment that feels almost untouched by human hands. It really feels like you are stepping into a wild kingdom where nature is the only boss.

The capital city of Nouakchott also has its own appeal, offering a popular resort area where you can take a dip in the Atlantic Ocean or just lounge on the wide sandy beaches. For those who want more than just sunbathing, there are plenty of activities like diving, surfing, or even a bit of sport fishing. You can explore the underwater world and see all sorts of marine life that call these coastal waters home. It is a perfect way to balance out the dusty adventures of the desert with some fresh ocean air.

Accommodation in Mauritania

When it comes to finding a place to stay in Mauritania, you should know that there are not a huge number of hotels to choose from. Most of them are located in the bigger cities like Nouakchott and Atar. These city hotels usually offer everything you would expect, like comfortable beds, kitchen facilities, and wireless internet throughout the building. The staff in these places often speak several languages, including Arabic, French, Spanish, and even some English, which makes things much easier for international travelers.

You can usually choose between rooms with single or double beds, and many of these hotels are family-friendly, offering playgrounds for kids. If you are there on business, you will find that these hotels are well-equipped for lectures, seminars, or conferences. However, keep in mind that prices in these top-tier city hotels can be quite high. These are also the best places to arrange for a car rental if you plan on exploring the country on your own schedule.

Once you head out on the main tourist routes, the accommodation changes quite a bit. You will find small inns that are much more basic, similar to what you might find in a quiet rural village. The facilities are simple, usually just a toilet and a basic shower. One thing to prepare for is that sleeping on a traditional western-style bed is not always the norm in the interior of the country. Instead, people often use comfortable mats or low platforms for sleeping.

In smaller towns, you might even have the chance to stay with a local family. This is a fantastic way to experience the local hospitality firsthand, and it is the kind of experience that creates memories that last a lifetime. To make sure your trip goes smoothly, it is highly recommended to pack a few essentials like a good sleeping bag, a towel, a reliable flashlight, and plenty of warm clothes.

A sleeping bag is absolutely essential if you are planning to travel across the vast Sahara, where guest houses are few and far between. In the desert, nomads often sleep in tents, and you might find yourself doing the same. Warm clothes are just as important because, even though it is scorching during the day, the temperature in the desert can drop significantly before dawn. You will definitely be glad you have an extra layer when that early morning chill hits.

One very important tip is to avoid drinking tap water while you are in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania. The local water systems are not really set up for drinking, and there is a risk of picking up stomach bugs or even dysentery. It is much safer to stick to bottled water, which you should stock up on before heading into remote areas. If you find yourself needing to get online while you are out in the dunes, your guide can often help you out by sharing their mobile connection so you can check in with your family back home.

Kitchen and dishes Mauritania

The food in Mauritania is a fascinating blend of history and tradition, pulling in influences from African, Arabic, and French cultures. If you spend time along the coast, you will notice that fish is the star of almost every meal. Locals have all sorts of ways to prepare it, whether it is dried, stewed, fried, or even cured. It is fresh, flavorful, and a huge part of the daily diet for anyone living near the Atlantic.

As you move away from the ocean and deeper into the mainland, the menu changes quite a bit. You will start to see much more meat, particularly lamb, beef, and even camel. The local cooks are masters at using herbs and spices to bring out the best in these ingredients. A typical table will almost always have a spread of rice, beans, couscous, and fresh bread, along with whatever fruits and vegetables are in season.

If there is one dish you absolutely have to try, it is Thieboudienne. This is considered the national dish and consists of fish and rice cooked in a rich, savory tomato sauce. It is hearty and delicious, representing the soul of Mauritanian cooking. Another favorite is Mechoui, which is basically a whole roasted lamb, while Yassa refers to chicken or fish that has been grilled with plenty of vegetables and served alongside rice or fries.

You will also find a dish called Mahfe, which is a thick, satisfying stew made from goat or camel meat. What makes it special is the rich sauce made from peanuts, okra, and tomatoes, which gives it a very distinct and earthy flavor. If you are in the mood for something a bit lighter, look for Leksour, which are local pancakes served with a savory meat and vegetable sauce.

Influences from neighboring regions are also very clear in the local diet. You will often see thin Indian-style flatbreads called Roti, as well as a thick Moroccan soup known as Harira. This soup is packed with tomatoes, legumes, and plenty of spices, making it a very filling meal on its own. For something truly unique, try the local camel milk cheese, often called Caravane cheese, or the Hakko sauce made from leafy greens and served with couscous and beans.

When it comes to dessert, people usually keep it simple with dates, fresh curd cheese, or yogurt topped with shredded coconut. On special occasions, though, they might bake a complicated pigeon pie that includes boiled eggs and almonds. To wash it all down, you can try Zrig, which is a popular camel milk drink, or even a creamy avocado smoothie. Baobab fruit juice is another local favorite that you should definitely give a try.

It is important to remember that alcohol is generally banned in Mauritania due to local Islamic traditions and laws. You won't find it in regular shops or public places, as it is a dry country for the most part. However, it is usually available for tourists in some of the larger hotels and specific restaurants in the big cities. Most of the time, people stick to tea or the various traditional milk and fruit drinks.

Culture and traditions Mauritania

Since the vast majority of people in Mauritania are Muslims, Islam plays a huge role in shaping the local culture and way of life. For travelers, this means it is a good idea to dress modestly and wear clothing that covers your shoulders and legs. While the main religion is Sunni Islam, there is also a small Christian community living in the country. You will find that the people here are incredibly welcoming and treat guests with a great deal of respect.

One of the best examples of this hospitality is the traditional tea ceremony. It is not just about having a drink; it is a whole performance and a central part of social life. The host will lift the teapot high above the glasses to create a thick foam, pouring the tea back and forth until it is just right. The tea itself is usually very sweet and flavored with plenty of fresh mint, and it is a wonderful way to sit back and chat with the locals.

Arabic is the official language of the country, and you will hear it spoken everywhere. French is also very common, especially in business and government circles, because of the country's history. However, English is not widely understood outside of the main tourist hotels, so having a few French or Arabic phrases in your pocket can go a long way. The people take great pride in their heritage and work hard to pass their traditions down to the next generation.

Music is a big part of that heritage, particularly the traditional musicians known as the Iggawin. In the past, these people were like messengers who traveled between settlements to share news and stories. They also played songs to boost the morale of warriors before a battle. Today, you can still hear these ancient sounds, often featuring solo and choral singing accompanied by traditional dancing that is full of energy.

There are some really unique instruments used in Mauritanian music, like the Tidinit, which looks and sounds a bit like a lute, and the Tbal, which is a traditional drum. You might also see harps, flutes, and various types of tam-tams. The country even hosts international festivals where groups from all over the world come to perform, bringing a mix of traditional folk music and modern popular songs to the local stage.

Despite its traditional roots, Mauritania has a modern side too, with its own television and radio stations, as well as local newspapers. The film industry is small but active, mostly focusing on short films and documentaries that explore the country's culture and landscapes. Sports are also popular, especially football. The national team has been making progress and has even competed in the group stages of the Africa Cup of Nations, which is a big point of pride for local fans.

The local craftsmanship is another thing you will notice right away. People are incredibly skilled at weaving carpets by hand and working with metals like silver. They are also famous for their leatherwork, using animal hides to create everything from water skins and grain bags to sturdy shoes and beautiful bags. You can also find traditional pottery and handmade instruments like the Ardin harp. These crafts are not just for tourists; they are part of the practical, everyday life of the people living here.