Information about Finland

Geography and history Regions and resorts Nature Climate Transport Money and shopping Attractions Tourism Accommodation Kitchen Culture Weather Map

Geography and history Finland

Finland stands as the northernmost frontier of the European continent, a land defined by its close relationship with the surrounding waters. It is embraced by the Baltic Sea, the Gulf of Bothnia, and the Gulf of Finland, while sharing its land borders with Sweden, Norway, and Russia. When you look at the map, you can see how its geography naturally falls into four distinct and beautiful regions. These include the intricate Finnish Archipelago, the fertile Coastal Finland, the vast Lake District, and the wild stretches of the Highland Forest.

The Finnish Archipelago is a sprawling wonder made up of thousands upon thousands of islands that stretch from the southwestern coast out into the open Baltic Sea. Among these, the Åland Islands hold a particularly strategic and cultural importance, sitting right at the gateway to the Gulf of Bothnia. Moving inland, Coastal Finland presents a completely different landscape, characterized by wide clay plains that have been used for agriculture and farming for generations. It is the heart of the country’s rural production and traditional lifestyle.

Further east and north lies the Lake District, which is the largest of Finland's geographical areas and a true paradise for water lovers. The centerpiece of this region is Lake Saimaa, a massive and labyrinthine body of water that seems to go on forever. Finally, the Highland Forest region reaches up toward the north, with parts of it extending well beyond the Arctic Circle into the high latitudes. This northernmost area is better known as Lapland, a place of extreme beauty and high elevations.

In Lapland, the terrain rises significantly, with some points reaching about a thousand meters above sea level. The very highest spot in the entire country is called Halti, which sits right on the border with Norway and towers at 1,324 meters. Down on the southern coast, you will find Helsinki, the nation's capital and largest city. It is situated in the Uusimaa region, looking out over the Gulf of Finland, serving as the modern gateway to this ancient and ruggedly beautiful northern land.

The way these regions blend into one another creates a unique environment where nature always feels close at hand. Whether you are wandering through the dense forests of the north or sailing through the southern islands, the landscape tells a story of a country shaped by ice and water. It is a place where the geography is not just a backdrop but a central part of the national identity.

Regions and resorts Finland

Nature Finland

The history of the Finnish people is a long and fascinating journey that began thousands of years ago when the first settlers arrived on the land we now call Finland. For centuries, these people lived in harmony with the harsh northern climate, but their political destiny changed significantly in the 12th century. At that time, the Kingdom of Sweden took control of the territory, and it remained a part of the Swedish realm for nearly seven hundred years. This long period of Swedish rule had a profound impact on the local culture and administration.

During those centuries under the Swedish crown, the Swedish language became the dominant tongue for law, education, and the elite. It wasn't until much later, in the 1800s, that the Finnish language truly began to reclaim its status in public life. The political landscape shifted again in 1809 when the forces of Tsar Alexander I of Russia conquered the region during the Napoleonic Wars. This marked the beginning of about a hundred years during which Finland existed as the Grand Duchy of Russia, enjoying a certain level of autonomy.

A major turning point for Finnish identity occurred in 1835 with the publication of the Kalevala. This was a collection of traditional myths and legends that served as the national epic, and it sparked a powerful wave of nationalism among the people. It gave them a sense of shared heritage and a reason to dream of a future as an independent nation. This growing desire for self-determination eventually reached a breaking point during the chaos of the early 20th century.

When the Bolshevik Revolution threw Russia into turmoil in 1917, Finland seized the opportunity to officially declare its independence. Since then, the country has worked hard to preserve its unique character and its incredible natural environment. Today, Finland is famous for its vast, untouched forests, its sprawling tundra, and its countless pristine lakes. The nation has some of the strictest wildlife protection laws in the world, ensuring that rare and beautiful species can thrive.

This commitment to nature is a reflection of the deep respect the Finnish people have for their land, a bond that has survived through centuries of foreign rule. From the ancient tribes to the modern republic, the story of Finland is one of resilience and a quiet but firm determination to be free. The landscape itself, filled with hidden beauty and rugged strength, perfectly mirrors the spirit of the people who have called it home for millennia.

Climate Finland

Finland is often called the most forested country in all of Europe, and for good reason, as about seventy percent of its land is covered in thick, green trees. Because the country is located on the western edge of the great taiga belt, most of these forests are coniferous. This massive zone of evergreen trees stretches all the way across Russia and through the vast wilds of Siberia. If you walk through a Finnish forest, you will mostly see Scots pine, Norway spruce, and various types of birch trees.

While those are the main players, the landscape is also dotted with other species like aspen, alder, and rowan, which add variety to the greenery. As you travel further north toward the Arctic, the plant life changes, and you will notice that lichens become much more common and diverse. When autumn arrives, these forests turn into a treasure trove for foragers, as they become filled with a huge variety of edible mushrooms. In fact, scientists have recorded over a thousand different types of flowering plants across the country.

The northern part of the country is also home to extensive sphagnum bogs and marshes, which are typical of the tundra environment. These areas are famous for producing the cloudberry, a rare and delicious fruit that is highly prized by locals. Beyond the plants, Finland is home to what people call the big four predators. These are the brown bear, the grey wolf, the Eurasian lynx, and the wolverine. Seeing one of these in the wild is a rare and unforgettable experience for any nature lover.

In addition to these famous animals, there are eleven other types of predatory mammals living in the woods and fields, including the Arctic fox, the red fox, and the raccoon dog. You might also find stoats, European minks, weasels, and the European polecat. The forests and waterways are also home to pine martens, sables, badgers, and otters. One of the most special animals in the country is the Saimaa ringed seal, which is one of the most endangered seal species on the planet.

This particular seal can only be found in Lake Saimaa and is one of just three species of freshwater seals in the world. The country’s biodiversity also includes seven types of bats, seven species of shrews, and eighteen different rodents, including lemmings and several kinds of voles. When summer comes, the wetlands and lakes come alive with an incredible number of birds. You can see many types of ducks, waders, and massive, elegant cranes nesting in the quiet corners of the Finnish wilderness.

Transport in Finland

The waters of Finland are just as full of life as the land, with sixty-eight different species of freshwater fish swimming in its lakes and rivers. If you go fishing, you might catch anything from bream and sturgeon to shad, loach, or carp. The rivers and lakes are also home to zander, grayling, tench, and many other varieties. Out in the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia, the most common fish you will find are herring, sea-dogs, and flounder, along with mackerel, rays, halibut, and the prized Atlantic salmon.

The climate in this part of the world is mostly subarctic, which means it can get quite chilly. However, the southern coast has a slightly different feel, with a humid continental climate that brings milder summers. At the very tip of the northwest, you can even find regions that fall under the influence of the tundra. Generally speaking, the weather in Finland is colder than in many other places, but it changes dramatically from one season to the next, offering a completely different experience every few months.

Winter in Finland is a serious affair, characterized by heavy snowfall and cold temperatures that usually stay well below freezing. For most of the season, the entire country is buried under a thick blanket of white. During the day, you can expect temperatures to hover around minus ten degrees, though it often drops to minus twenty. Up in the far north, it is not uncommon for the thermometer to hit minus thirty degrees or even lower during the peak of winter.

In the south, the snow typically stays on the ground from December until April, while in the north, it arrives as early as October and stays just as late. During these months, much of the country is literally locked in ice, with the Gulf of Bothnia and the coastal waters often freezing over completely. When spring finally arrives, the ice begins to melt and the average temperature starts to climb toward ten degrees. By the middle of April, most of the country is waking up, though the north often holds onto its snow a bit longer.

Summer is a truly beautiful time to be in Finland, especially in the southern and central parts where the weather is mild and warm. It feels very similar to the summers you would find in southern Scandinavia, with average temperatures around twenty degrees. June, July, and August are the months to enjoy the outdoors, with July usually being the warmest. Autumn starts to creep in by late August or early September, bringing with it the famous fall colors known as ruska.

The northern part of the country experiences the midnight sun, meaning the sun never actually sets for part of the summer. In the south, the sun does go down, but even there, you might get nineteen hours of daylight in the middle of summer. In the winter, the dark northern skies are often lit up by the incredible colors of the Northern Lights. While many prefer visiting between May and September for the warmth, the winter remains a huge draw for those wanting to see the aurora and experience the magic of the snow.

Money and shopping in Finland

Getting around in Finland is incredibly easy thanks to an excellent public transportation system that works well both in cities and across the countryside. The trains are modern, very comfortable, and famous for being on time, even when the winter weather is at its absolute worst. A massive network of buses and trains connects the entire nation, so you never feel stranded. Buses are a particularly great option because they cover nearly ninety percent of the country’s territory.

If you are starting your journey in Helsinki, you can take a high-quality long-distance bus to almost any destination you can imagine. Generally, buses are the best choice for hopping between smaller villages, while trains are often faster and more affordable if you are moving between the big cities. There are two main types of intercity buses: the ones called vakio, which make frequent stops in towns and villages, and the pika buses, which are designed for quicker travel between major hubs.

The trains in Finland are known for being spacious, clean, and very well-maintained. The tracks reach from the southern coast all the way up to Kolari in the snowy reaches of Lapland. Riding the train is a great way to see the country, especially in Eastern Finland where the tracks wind past countless beautiful lakes. Currently, Helsinki is the only city that has a light rail system, but it is very efficient. Taxis are also everywhere and are strictly regulated by the government, making them safe and reliable.

Finnish taxis come in many different models and colors, but you can always spot them by the yellow sign on the roof that says taxi or taksi. It is usually hard to hail one on the street, so most people either go to a designated taxi stand or call one using a phone app. In Helsinki, some popular ride-sharing services have also returned to the market. For those who want to cross the water, there are regular ferries connecting Finland to Estonia, Russia, Germany, Sweden, and the Åland Islands.

These ferries are often huge vessels that can carry cars, making them a popular way to travel internationally. There are also many smaller cruises and charters that explore the local coastlines and inland lakes. If you prefer to move under your own power, cycling is a fantastic way to see the sights, as the roads are excellent and the scenery is stunning. For long distances, flying is the fastest but most expensive option, with twenty-seven airports scattered across the country, several of which handle international flights.

When it comes to money, Finland uses the Euro, having switched from the markka in 2002. It is the only Nordic country to use the common European currency. You will find plenty of places to exchange money, and cards like Visa and Mastercard are accepted almost everywhere. In fact, most Finns prefer using cards over cash for almost everything they buy. You can find ATMs, mostly under the Otto or Nosto brands, all over the place.

Shopping in Finland is a treat, especially if you like unique design and traditional crafts. You can find beautiful Saami jewelry, handmade hunting knives, and special woven rugs called ryijy, which have been part of the culture since the late 19th century. Finnish textiles are also famous for their bold patterns and natural colors. Since the country is obsessed with saunas, you can buy all sorts of sauna accessories like oils and specialized towels. You should also look for Iittala glassware, which has been a staple in Finnish homes for over a hundred years. Finally, don't forget Moomin-themed items or some delicious Fazer chocolate, both of which are true national icons.

Main attractions Finland

Finland is a land filled with incredible places to see, and while the wild nature is the main draw for most, you really should not miss out on the charming cities. Each urban center has its own story and a unique atmosphere that blends modern life with deep-rooted history.

Senate Square is often the first stop for many travelers because it is such a perfect example of neoclassical architecture. The entire area feels very unified and grand, with the white cathedral standing tall over the open space. It is a place where history feels very much alive in the stone buildings and wide plazas.

If you head to the southern coast, you will find Porvoo, which is one of the six medieval towns in the country. It was founded way back in the 13th century, making it one of the oldest settlements you can visit. The red wooden houses along the river are famous for a reason, offering a glimpse into a much older way of life.

Up north in Kemi, the winter months transform the city into a busy hub for tourism thanks to the LumiLinna snow castle. This is not just a small fort but a massive structure where you can actually spend the night in an ice room. You can even grab a meal in a restaurant where the tables and chairs are carved entirely from frozen water.

Turku Castle is another must-see spot that has been standing since the end of the 13th century. It served as a defensive fortress and a grand palace, and today it remains one of the oldest buildings people still use. Right nearby is the Turku Cathedral, which was built around the same time and is just as impressive.

Further east, Olavinlinna Castle sits on a rocky island looking out over the waters of Lake Saimaa. It was originally built to protect the Savonia region from attacks coming from the east. Today, its thick stone walls and round towers make it one of the most beautiful sights in the entire lake district.

The Aland Islands are a bit different from the rest of the country, sitting far out in the southwest archipelago. Most of the people there speak Swedish, and the pace of life is much slower and more relaxed. You can visit the maritime museum or explore ancient archaeological sites, especially during the annual Viking market.

Suomenlinna is a massive sea fortress spread across several islands and is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site. It is full of old walls, bunkers, and buildings from several different historical eras. It is a great place to wander around, as there are many small galleries, cozy cafes, and museums tucked away in the stone structures.

No trip to Finland is complete without visiting Santa Claus Village in Rovaniemi, located right up in Lapland. The Arctic Circle runs right through the middle of the village, which is a big highlight for everyone who visits. You can go to Santa’s official post office, meet the man himself, and browse through many local shops and restaurants.

If you really want to get away from everything, Lemmenjoki National Park is the place to go. It is the largest park in the country and one of the biggest areas of untouched wilderness in all of Europe. The park covers over 2,589 square miles of deep forests and winding rivers where you can truly feel the scale of the North.

Finland is famous for being one of the last places in Europe where nature still rules. The forests and parks are full of strange stories and hidden spots that only hikers and trekkers ever get to see. Glaciers and long winters have carved out weird caves and deep gorges that look like something out of a fairy tale.

Tourism in Finland

One of the best ways to really enjoy the winter season is to head up to Finnish Lapland. The landscape there is completely transformed by a thick layer of soft white snow that covers everything for miles. It feels like stepping into a different world where the air is crisp and the scenery is absolutely silent.

You can try out some truly unique ways of getting around, like jumping on a sled pulled by a team of energetic huskies. Reindeer sledding is another traditional way to see the snowy woods at a slightly slower pace. These activities are iconic for the region and give you a real sense of how people moved through the snow in the past.

If you prefer to move under your own power, cross-country skiing is a huge part of the local culture. Most towns have well-maintained tracks that disappear into the forest, offering a great workout and beautiful views. Snowshoeing is another fun option if you want to head off the beaten path and explore the deeper drifts.

Water is everywhere in Finland, and traveling along the many lakes and rivers is a fantastic way to see the country. Kayakers and canoers will find endless routes to follow through the heart of the lake district. The Baltic Sea also offers a unique environment with thousands of small islands and rocky outcrops to weave between.

Even though the country is mostly flat and doesn't have big mountain ranges, you can still find some excitement on the water. There are several spots where the rivers pick up speed, offering great opportunities for white-water rafting. It is a thrilling way to experience the power of the northern rivers and the beauty of the surrounding banks.

For a more relaxed experience on the water, you might want to consider taking a cruise. Large and small ships sail through the coastal waters and the archipelago all year long. Sitting on the deck of a ship while passing by tiny islands and lighthouse stations is a very peaceful way to spend an afternoon.

When it comes to relaxing like a local, nothing beats spending time in a sauna. There are over three million saunas in the country, which is incredible when you think about the total population. Most of these are located near some of the 188,000 lakes, making it easy to take a cold dip after a hot session.

Fishing is another activity that never really stops, no matter what time of year it is. The styles and equipment change with the seasons, but the goal of catching a fresh meal remains the same. The clean and vast waters attract people from all over who want to try their luck in the quiet rivers and lakes.

There are about 60 different species of fish living in the waters here, and about 20 of them are popular with anglers. People mostly go after perch, pike, and zander, especially in the larger lakes. Whether you are ice fishing in the winter or casting a line in the summer sun, it is a very rewarding experience.

Accommodation in Finland

Finding a place to stay in Finland is an experience in itself because the options are so varied. You can find everything from standard city hotels and budget hostels to rustic log cabins tucked away in the woods. There are also plenty of farmhouses where you can get a taste of rural life and enjoy the fresh country air.

If you want something truly unforgettable, you can spend a night in an igloo made of ice or a glass dome. These glass igloos are designed so you can lie in bed and look up at the stars or the Northern Lights. It is a very special way to feel connected to the Arctic environment without having to deal with the freezing cold.

The variety of unique accommodation is actually quite surprising when you look into it. You can stay in a converted lighthouse out at sea or even a tent suspended in the trees. Some people choose to stay in old fishing huts, and there is even a former prison that has been turned into a very comfortable hotel.

Most of the standard hotels you will find are part of large national or international chains. These rooms are usually very functional, clean, and well-designed, which is a hallmark of the local style. Prices can be a bit higher in places like Helsinki or up in Lapland, but the quality is generally very consistent.

Besides the big chains, there are many private boutique hotels that offer a more personal touch. These places often feature local decor and serve traditional food, giving you a better sense of the region's character. Staying in one of these smaller spots can make your trip feel much more authentic and cozy.

For families or groups of friends traveling together, renting a self-catering cottage or a villa is often the best move. It can be much more affordable than booking multiple hotel rooms and gives you a lot more space. Plus, most of these cottages come with their own private sauna and a kitchen where you can cook your own meals.

Farm stays are another great option if you want to be close to nature and see how a working farm operates. Many of these locations also have facilities for holding meetings or celebrating special events like weddings. It is a very peaceful alternative to staying in a busy city center and lets you relax at your own pace.

The spa culture has seen a big revival lately, with dozens of wellness centers and resorts popping up across the country. There are now about 45 major spas where you can go for various treatments or just to soak in the pools. It is a great way to unwind, especially after a long day of hiking or skiing in the cold.

If you choose a bed and breakfast in the countryside, you will likely find the three things every local expects. Those three essentials are a sauna, a boat, and a lake nearby for a quick swim. These simple pleasures are the foundation of a good holiday for most people living in this part of the world.

Hostels are also available and provide a clean, modern, and affordable way to travel. Many of them are only open during the summer months, so you have to check ahead before you plan your trip. They often have private rooms as well as the usual shared dorms, making them a good choice for all kinds of travelers.

Finally, there are about 200 campsites spread out across the country for those who love being outdoors. Some of these are quite high-end and have the same star ratings you would see for a hotel. They offer space for tents and campers, along with shared kitchens, cafes, and small shops for everything you might need.

Kitchen and dishes Finland

Finnish food is often described as simple, honest, and very delicious because it relies on high-quality ingredients. The traditional kitchen uses a lot of things gathered from the land, like wild mushrooms, fresh berries, and various types of fish. It is the kind of food that makes you feel full and satisfied, especially on a cold day.

One thing that might surprise visitors is how often reindeer meat appears on the menu. It is a staple product in the north and is considered a very healthy and lean meat choice. Rye bread is another essential part of the diet, and you will find many different versions of it, from hard crackers to soft loaves.

Rye bread, known locally as ruisleipa, is something you will see at almost every meal. It is a deep, dark bread with a rich flavor that people here have been eating for centuries. It is so popular that it is often the one thing locals miss the most when they travel abroad for a long time.

Some of the most interesting parts of the local food culture involve things like herring and squeaky cheese. The cheese, which has a very distinct texture that squeaks against your teeth, is a real delicacy. It is often served warm with a bit of lingonberry jam or cloudberries on top for a sweet and salty mix.

Salmon is also a huge part of the diet and is prepared in many different ways. While you can find it smoked or grilled, salmon pie is a very traditional dish that you should definitely try. It is a hearty meal that shows how much people value the fresh fish caught from the surrounding seas and rivers.

Soups are a big favorite in many households and are frequently found on restaurant lunch menus. You might find thick pea soup with ham, or heavy meat and cabbage versions that were traditionally eaten by workers. These meals are designed to be filling and provide plenty of energy for the day ahead.

Lohikeitto is probably the most famous soup, made with chunks of salmon, potatoes, carrots, and onions in a creamy broth. It is usually seasoned with plenty of fresh dill and served with a thick slice of buttered rye bread. It is a simple dish, but the flavors are incredibly comforting and fresh.

Other popular dishes you will come across include grilled liver served with mashed potatoes and crispy bacon. Meatballs are also a classic, usually served with a rich gravy and a side of tart lingonberries. These dishes are common in both home kitchens and local diners across the country.

There are some regional differences in what people eat, depending on which side of the country you are on. In the west, fish and meat are the stars of the show, while in the east, vegetables and mushrooms play a bigger role. The eastern regions are also known for their traditional pies and baked goods.

Karelian pies are one of the most iconic snacks you can find, and they are somewhat like a local version of a small pizza or tart. They are made with a thin rye crust and filled with either mashed potatoes or a thick rice pudding. They are best eaten warm with a spread of egg butter on top.

For something a bit different, you might try helmipuuro, which is a unique porridge made from dried potato granules. There is also a hearty stew called merimiespata, which translates to sailor’s stew. It is a slow-cooked mix of beef, potatoes, and onions, all simmered together in a rich beer-based broth.

Desserts are just as beloved as the bread, with blueberry pie being a top choice during the summer months. Because wild blueberries grow everywhere in the forests, people use them in all sorts of baked treats. Pancakes are another favorite, but they are usually served as a sweet dessert rather than a breakfast food.

Culture and traditions Finland

The culture in Finland is a fascinating mix of local traditions combined with influences from neighboring Nordic and European countries. While the country is unified, you can still find distinct customs depending on which region you are visiting. There are several different groups, like the Sami and Swedish-speaking Finns, who each have their own unique heritage.

One of the most important things to understand about the local people is how much they value equality and fairness. In this society, the idea is that everyone should be treated the same and have the same opportunities. They also place a very high value on their personal space and privacy, which can sometimes make them seem quiet at first.

Most people belong to the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though there is also a significant group that follows the Orthodox tradition. Even if people are not particularly religious in their daily lives, these traditions still influence many of the holidays and cultural celebrations throughout the year.

While Finnish is the main language, you will also hear Swedish and Sami spoken in certain parts of the country. English is very widely understood, especially among younger people and in the business world. In fact, many companies use English as their primary language for day-to-day operations and meetings.

The sauna is perhaps the most important part of what it means to be a local. It is much more than just a place to wash; it is a space for relaxation, reflection, and even making important decisions. Being invited to share a sauna with a host is a sign of great respect and acceptance into their circle.

Almost every single home has its own sauna, and even large apartment buildings usually have a common one for everyone to use. It is such a normal part of daily life that people can’t really imagine living without one. It is where you go to clear your mind and warm up during the long, dark winter months.

The arts and architecture have always been big here, with many local designers gaining fame on the global stage. You can see this in the functional yet beautiful furniture, glassware, and buildings found in any city. There is a strong sense of style that focuses on clean lines and natural materials like wood and stone.

Music is another area where the culture really shines, ranging from traditional folk songs to modern opera. The Sami people have a very unique style of music that often tells stories about their beliefs and the natural world. In the summer, the country comes alive with all sorts of musical events and festivals.

Sports are a major part of life, and the national game is something called Pesapallo. It is a bit like baseball, but with some different rules that make it very fast-paced and exciting to watch. Because of the climate, winter sports like ice hockey and skiing are also incredibly popular and widely followed.

Throughout the year, there are countless festivals that celebrate everything from film and folk music to heavy metal. You might find yourself at a folk music event in Kaustinen or watching movies under the never-setting sun at a film festival. There are also massive summer parties and art events that draw crowds from all over.

In the end, the culture is all about finding a balance between modern living and a deep connection to the land. People take pride in their ability to survive the harsh winters and enjoy the brief, bright summers to the fullest. It is a place where tradition and innovation live side by side in a very natural way.